June Dalziel Almeida (5 October 1930 – 1 December 2007) was a Scottish people Virology, a pioneer in virus imaging and identification. Her skills in electron microscopy earned her an international reputation.
In 1964, Almeida was recruited by St Thomas's Hospital Medical School in London. By 1967, she had earned her Doctor of Science on the basis of her research and the resulting publications, while working in Canada, at Toronto's Ontario Cancer Institute and then in London at St Thomas's. she then continued her research at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPGMS), which later became part of the Imperial College School of Medicine.
Almeida succeeded in identifying viruses that were previously unknown, including—in 1966—a group of viruses that was later named coronavirus, due to their crown-like appearance. Her immune electron microscopy (IEM) innovations and insights contributed to research related to the diagnosis of hepatitis B, HIV, and rubella, among other viral diseases. Her electron micrographs continue to be included in virology review textbooks, decades after she produced them.
In 1947, when she was 16, Almeida attended Whitehill Secondary School where she excelled academically winning the science prize. In 1947, when she was 16, she left school but was unable to attend university at that time due to financial constraints. She instead took up a position as a histopathology technician at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. She was then recruited by a former colleague, Dr John W.S. Blacklock to do similar work at St Bartholomew's Hospital. She worked at St Bartholomew's until 1954.
She married Enriques Rosalio (Henry) Almeida in 1954.
While working as an electron microscopist, she and her Cancer Institute colleagues produced a series of studies applying negative staining to clinical problems.
In 1963, Almeida was the first of three authors of an article in the journal Science, in which they identified virus-like particles in cancer patients' blood. In the same year, she published her research in which she "negatively stained aggregates of antigen...and antibody" with the electron microscope. Almeida's sense of humour arose in an ode to electron microscopy, and the symmetrical structure of coronavirus (with an apology to poet, William Blake).
“Virus, virus shining bright,In the phosphotungstic night,
What immortal hand or eye,
In 1966, Waterson and Almeida collaborated with the physician and director of research on the common cold, David Tyrrell, who was working on a new organ culture system. Tyrrell's team had been attempting to detect the presence of in tissue cultures of cells that they had produced in the lab. They wanted to detect a specific respiratory virus they called B814. The Swedish professor Bertil Hoorn could make all Tyrrell's respiratory viruses in organ cultures of cells from the human airway in the laboratory, except for virus B814. This organ culture system meant they did not have to depend on human volunteers to do research on these viruses. They wanted a reliable method to detect virus B814.
By 1967, Almeida earned her Doctor of Science (DSc) based on her publications on electron micrographic research of antibodies conducted at the Ontario Cancer Institute and at St Thomas's.
In the book Cold Wars (2002), which Tyrrell wrote with Michael Fielder, he described how when he first met Almeida she seemed to be extending the range of the electron microscope to new limits.
According to Tyrrell, prior to her innovative work, it was generally accepted that viruses had to be concentrated and purified to detect them with the electron microscope. When she told Tyrrell that she could "find virus particles" in the organ cultures that they had collected, with her "new, improved techniques", he was skeptical.
Tyrrell's team sent samples to Almeida in London. These included a sample prepared with the B814 virus, along with samples infected with influenza and herpes, which were well known. When she examined the samples through her microscope grids, "she recognized all the known viruses, and her pictures revealed their structure beautifully. But more importantly, she also saw virus particles in the B814 sample." she told Tyrrell that the B814 specimens had reminded her of particles she had previously studied in a "disease called infectious bronchitis of chickens" and in another disease—"mouse hepatitis liver inflammation." Almeida's papers on these had been rejected because the referees considered her electron micrographs to be "bad pictures" of known influenza virus particles. Almeida told him she now knew that these "three viruses were something quite new."
According to Tyrrell, once Almeida had identified the previously unrecognised group of viruses, they met in Waterson's office, to decide on its name. The viruses appeared to be surrounded by a "halo", which in Latin is "corona", and the name "coronavirus" was born.
In 1966, she and Tyrrell wrote that "The particles are pleomorphic, in the size range 800 to 1200 Å, and are surrounded by a distinct 200 Å long fringe. They are indistinguishable from the particles of avian infectious bronchitis, the only virus previously known to have this morphology."
In 1968, Almeida published an article in Journal of General Virology, on "avian infectious bronchitis virus".
In 1971, using her immune electronmicroscopy technique, Almeida made the landmark discovery that the hepatitis B virus had "two immunologically distinct components"—an "outer coat and a small inner component".
Before Almeida's work with Anthony Peter Waterson in the 1960s, few improvements had been made on the initial 1941 "proof of principle aggregation of virus by virus-specific antibody observable by electron." In 1963, she pioneered a technique in immune electron microscopy (IEM), to better visualise viruses by using antibody to aggregate them. In the 1960s, she and Waterson were using negative staining for the EM of viruses—a technique that was both rapid and simple—and provided excellent detailed observations of viral morphology, which had revolutionized the electron microscopy of viruses overnight.
In 1966, using her new techniques, Almeida was able to identify a group of "previously uncharacterised human respiratory viruses", while collaborating with David Tyrrell, then director of the Common Cold Research Centre in Salisbury in Wiltshire. Tyrrell suggested calling the new group "coronaviruses". The coronavirus family of viruses now includes the SARS virus and the SARS-CoV2 virus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019.
In 1967, using the IEM aggregation method, Almeida produced the first visualisation of rubella virus.
Almeida's publications include the 1979 Manual for rapid laboratory viral diagnosis for the World Health Organization.
Almeida trained as a yoga teacher and became involved in her second husband Philip Gardner's antique business.
Almeida's work received new attention during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Her little-known story was first published by the Herald in Scotland on 7 March 2020, the BBC on 15 April 2020 the National Geographic on April 17, 2020, and later her research noted in The National on 19 May 2020. According to professor of bacteriology Hugh Pennington, Chinese scientists credited Almeida's work, including techniques she developed, with the early identification of coronavirus disease 2019.
In 2025, an exhibition on the international endeavour to develop a Covid vaccine opened at the National Museum of Scotland, called Injecting Hope: The Race For A Covid-19 Vaccine showing the scientific principles and innovative research behind the urgent development of a vaccine and the global logistical challenges it faced. Almeida's original work underpinning the theory behind later research, is marked with her notebooks on exhibit.
In 1985, Almeida retired to Bexhill-on-Sea with her second husband, Phillip Samuel Gardner, a fellow virologist, whom she had married in 1979. Gardner died in 1994.
In 2007, Almeida died of a heart attack at Bexhill.
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